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This is the first major archivally-based study of the political career of Wenzel Anton Kaunitz, State Chancellor of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1753 to 1792. Author of the diplomatic revolution of 1756 and a brilliant foreign minister of the Austrian Empire, Kaunitz was virtually the third head of state under Maria Theresia and Joseph II. He emerges from this study as the key figure in the development of enlightened absolutism in the Habsburg monarchy and the guiding spirit behind the modernization of the state.

This is the first major archivally-based study of the political career of Wenzel Anton Kaunitz, State Chancellor of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1753 to 1792. Author of the diplomatic revolution of 1756 and a brilliant foreign minister of the Austrian Empire, Kaunitz was virtually the third head of state under Maria Theresia and Joseph II. He emerges from this study as the key figure in the development of enlightened absolutism in the Habsburg monarchy and the guiding spirit behind the modernization of the state.

The history of a crucial century for Spain, when statesmen had to innovate and people to adjust. Under Charles III the power of the state and the impulse to reform reached their peak, and his reign was viewed by posterity as a model of enlightened absolutism. John Lynch takes as his theme the interplay between new policy and changing conditions in Spain and its empire. Population growth increased the pressure on land and depressed rural living standards, at a time when rising grain prices brought landowners great profit. Lynch considers whether reformers had the will or the means to effect the structural changes needed in Spain, abolish privilege, liberalize land policy and redistribute resources. In doing so, he highlights the critical importance of Spain's American empire in the Bourbon program. This book explores the limits of modernization and of the classical dilemma confronting Spanish government: how could it reform the existing system without subverting it?

The history of a crucial century for Spain, when statesmen had to innovate and people to adjust. Under Charles III the power of the state and the impulse to reform reached their peak, and his reign was viewed by posterity as a model of enlightened absolutism. John Lynch takes as his theme the interplay between new policy and changing conditions in Spain and its empire. Population growth increased the pressure on land and depressed rural living standards, at a time when rising grain prices brought landowners great profit. Lynch considers whether reformers had the will or the means to effect the structural changes needed in Spain, abolish privilege, liberalize land policy and redistribute resources. In doing so, he highlights the critical importance of Spain's American empire in the Bourbon program. This book explores the limits of modernization and of the classical dilemma confronting Spanish government: how could it reform the existing system without subverting it?